[{"id":"da-aducanumab","kind":"drug","name":"Aducanumab","aka":[],"tldr":"Aducanumab was an amyloid antibody whose US Alzheimer’s indication was later withdrawn. It is historical context, not a current option.","summary":"ENGAGE did not meet its primary endpoint as designed. The product is listed so a past approval is not confused with present availability.","status":"withdrawn","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA withdrawn accelerated approvals","url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/accelerated-approval-program/withdrawn-non-malignant-hematological-neurological-and-other-disorder-indications-accelerated"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":["da-biogen"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":["da-trial-engage"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Aduhelm","modality":"mAb","mechanism":"Amyloid-beta–directed antibody. The US Alzheimer’s indication was withdrawn in 2024.","approvals":[],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-brexpiprazole","kind":"drug","name":"Brexpiprazole","aka":[],"tldr":"Brexpiprazole has a US indication for agitation in Alzheimer’s dementia after other causes are considered. Antipsychotics increase mortality in elderly people with dementia-related psychosis.","summary":"It is not an as-needed sedative. Boxed warning: antipsychotics increase mortality in elderly people with dementia-related psychosis. Look first for pain, delirium, and unmet need.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA agitation approval","url":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-treat-agitation-symptoms-associated-dementia-due-alzheimers-disease"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Rexulti","modality":"small molecule","mechanism":"Antipsychotic used for agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. It does not treat memory loss.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2023,"indication":"Agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-donanemab","kind":"drug","name":"Donanemab","aka":[],"tldr":"Donanemab is a monthly infused antibody for early Alzheimer’s disease after amyloid confirmation, with the same ARIA monitoring theme as other amyloid antibodies.","summary":"US approval in 2024 covers mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease after amyloid confirmation. ApoE ε4 changes the ARIA-risk discussion. It is not approved for other dementia subtypes as a disease-modifying treatment.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA Kisunla approval","url":"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-treatment-adults-alzheimers-disease"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease","mild-cognitive-impairment"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-amyloid-beta"],"drugs":[],"companies":["da-lilly"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["da-term-aria"],"trials":["da-trial-trailblazer-alz2"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Kisunla","modality":"mAb","mechanism":"Amyloid-beta–directed antibody that reduces plaques. The label allows considering stopping after plaques reach minimal levels on PET.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2024,"indication":"Early Alzheimer’s disease with confirmed amyloid"},{"region":"JP","year":2024,"indication":"Early Alzheimer’s disease"},{"region":"UK","year":2024,"indication":"Licensed; funding is a separate decision"},{"region":"EU","year":2025,"indication":"Authorisation and national access may differ"},{"region":"CN","year":2025,"indication":"Access may lag the US label"},{"region":"AU","year":2025,"indication":"Access may lag the US label"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-donepezil","kind":"drug","name":"Donepezil","aka":[],"tldr":"Donepezil is a tablet used for cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. It may help some people a little. It does not slow the disease itself.","summary":"US labeling covers mild, moderate, and severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Nausea, appetite change, sleep disturbance, and slow heart rate are reasons to review the rest of the medicine list.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA label index","url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-ache"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Aricept","modality":"small molecule","mechanism":"Cholinesterase inhibitor.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":1996,"indication":"Dementia of the Alzheimer’s type"},{"region":"EU","year":1997,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"UK","year":1997,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"JP","year":1999,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"CN","year":1999,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"AU","year":1998,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-galantamine","kind":"drug","name":"Galantamine","aka":[],"tldr":"Galantamine is a tablet for mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. It is not approved for vascular, frontotemporal, or Lewy body dementia.","summary":"US labeling is specific to the Alzheimer’s type. Using it off-label for another subtype needs a clinician who has weighed limited benefit against harm.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA label index","url":"https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-ache"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Razadyne","modality":"small molecule","mechanism":"Cholinesterase inhibitor.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2001,"indication":"Mild-to-moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type"},{"region":"EU","year":2000,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"UK","year":2000,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"JP","year":2011,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"CN","year":2006,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"AU","year":2001,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-lecanemab","kind":"drug","name":"Lecanemab","aka":[],"tldr":"Lecanemab is an infused antibody for early Alzheimer’s disease after amyloid is confirmed. It can cause brain swelling or bleeding on MRI and is not a cure.","summary":"US labeling supports starting in mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia of the Alzheimer’s type after amyloid confirmation. Infusions are typically every two weeks. MRI monitoring and an individual bleeding-risk discussion are essential. It does not restore lost function.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"FDA traditional approval","url":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-converts-novel-alzheimers-disease-treatment-traditional-approval"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease","mild-cognitive-impairment"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-amyloid-beta"],"drugs":[],"companies":["da-eisai","da-biogen"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":["da-term-aria"],"trials":["da-trial-clarity-ad"],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Leqembi","code":"BAN2401","modality":"mAb","mechanism":"Amyloid-beta–directed antibody that reduces plaques.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2023,"indication":"Early Alzheimer’s disease with confirmed amyloid"},{"region":"JP","year":2023,"indication":"Early Alzheimer’s disease"},{"region":"CN","year":2024,"indication":"Early Alzheimer’s disease"},{"region":"UK","year":2024,"indication":"Licensed; funding decisions are separate from the licence"},{"region":"EU","year":2025,"indication":"Authorisation pathway; national access varies"},{"region":"AU","year":2025,"indication":"Regulatory review or access may lag the US label"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[{"country":"US","reimbursement":"Coverage depends on plan, registry, and site capability","source":"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-converts-novel-alzheimers-disease-treatment-traditional-approval","asOf":"2026-09-21"},{"country":"UK","reimbursement":"A licence is not the same as NHS commissioning","source":"https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97","asOf":"2026-09-21"}],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-memantine","kind":"drug","name":"Memantine","aka":[],"tldr":"Memantine is a tablet used in moderate-to-severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. It is a symptom treatment, sometimes combined with a cholinesterase inhibitor.","summary":"Kidney function and dizziness are practical issues. It is not disease-modifying and is not an antibody.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"DailyMed memantine","url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":[],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Namenda","modality":"small molecule","mechanism":"NMDA-receptor antagonist used for cognitive symptoms.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2003,"indication":"Moderate-to-severe dementia of the Alzheimer’s type"},{"region":"EU","year":2002,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"UK","year":2002,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"JP","year":2011,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"CN","year":2006,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"AU","year":2004,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-remternetug","kind":"drug","name":"Remternetug","aka":[],"tldr":"Remternetug is an investigational amyloid antibody. It is not approved. Trial eligibility is not a treatment recommendation.","summary":"Listed so the pipeline layer of the Alzheimer’s page has a concrete next antibody. Risks should not be copied from lecanemab or donanemab by assumption.","status":"phase-3","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"ClinicalTrials.gov search","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?intr=remternetug"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-amyloid-beta"],"drugs":[],"companies":["da-lilly"],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"code":"LY3372993","modality":"mAb","mechanism":"Investigational amyloid-directed antibody.","approvals":[],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]},{"id":"da-rivastigmine","kind":"drug","name":"Rivastigmine","aka":[],"tldr":"Rivastigmine is used for Alzheimer’s dementia and has a US indication for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. It is a symptom treatment.","summary":"Patch and capsules exist. Gastrointestinal effects and patch-site reactions matter in frail people. It is not a disease-modifying Lewy body treatment.","status":"approved","asOf":"2026-09-21","links":[{"label":"Alzheimer’s Association: medicines for cognition","url":"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/treatments/medications-for-memory"}],"tags":["dementia-atlas"],"related":[],"cancers":["alzheimers-disease","parkinsons-disease-dementia","dementia-with-lewy-bodies"],"sections":[],"technologies":[],"targets":["da-target-ache"],"drugs":[],"companies":[],"institutions":[],"pathways":[],"terms":[],"trials":[],"people":[],"bottlenecks":[],"keyPapers":[],"journals":[],"dependsOn":[],"notes":[],"brand":"Exelon","modality":"small molecule","mechanism":"Cholinesterase inhibitor, oral or patch.","approvals":[{"region":"US","year":2000,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia; Parkinson’s disease dementia"},{"region":"EU","year":1998,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"UK","year":1998,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"JP","year":2011,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"CN","year":2000,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"},{"region":"AU","year":2000,"indication":"Alzheimer’s dementia"}],"mechanismSteps":[],"toxicity":[],"access":[],"regulatoryEvents":[]}]